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智力是一個複雜而多元的概念，不應該用一個單一的數值或標籤來定義或評價，智力也不是一個固定的結果，而是一個動態的過程，它對個人和社會的發展都有重要的作用，我們應該正確地看待和使用智力，並努力培養和提升自己和他人的智力潛能。

很長一段時間以來，人們一直認為智力是可以測量的，但如今，許多研究者對這一說法持懷疑態度。現在，人們對智力進行了許多不同類型的區分，例如與語言、抽象能力，以及像是團隊運動中的互動相關的智力，雖然明顯地高度有才華的人與普通人有所區別，但智力如何受到基因、環境刺激、教育甚至營養的影響卻不太清楚，有趣的是，將某人貼上“聰明”或“不太聰明”的標籤可能會影響該個體的發展。

For a long time, it was assumed that intelligence was measurable. But now, many researchers are taking a skeptical view of that claim. Today, a distinction is made between many different types of intelligence, such as those relating to language, abstractive ability and, say, interaction in team sports. Although it’s obvious that highly gifted people are set apart from the average, what’s not so clear is how intelligence is affected by genes, environmental stimuli, education or even nutrition. Interestingly, labeling someone “intelligent” or “less intelligent” can influence that indiv.

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我們從出生起就培養觸覺語言，它對於我們身體、免疫和大腦的發展至關重要，在社會疏離的時代，不同類型的碰觸對我們有何影響？神經迴路如何將手勢轉化為愉悅的感覺，並探索碰觸的社會功能，同樣的碰觸如何會導致幸福、排斥或冷漠？

近年來的神經科學研究發現，人類大腦對輕柔觸摸有強烈的反應，大腦釋放出重要的信使化學物質，增強心理和生理的幸福感，大腦能夠分辨是自己在進行觸摸，還是他人在進行觸摸。例如，撫摸自己身體受傷的部位，可以緩解疼痛，甚至緩解壓力，而他人的觸摸可以加強社會聯繫，給予我們歸屬感，這些過程中的關鍵是特殊的神經細胞透過脊髓神經迴路與大腦相連。

Neuroscientific studies in recent years show that the human brain’s response to gentle touch is surprisingly strong. It releases important messenger chemicals that boost a sense of psychophysical well-being. Your brain can tell if you’re doing the touching or if someone else is. Touching ourselves, for example stroking an injured part of our body, can ease pain and even alleviate stress. The touch of others can strengthen social bonds and give us a sense of belonging. Crucial for these processes are special nerve cells with a hotline to the brain via the spinal cord neural circuit.

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人類與其他動物的區別不僅僅在於大腦的高效能和直立的狀態，還包括我們對運動的重要性。隨著現代生活方式的變化，忽視運動可能對我們的身體、心理健康和大腦發育產生負面效應。因此，保持適當量的運動對大腦功能、預防精神退化和心理健康產生關鍵作用，同時對維持整體健康和幸福感至關重要。

特別高效的大腦和直立的步態將人類與其他動物區分開來，許多科學家確信，直立行走的能力對人類大腦的發育有著决定性的影響。
狩獵採集者總是在移動，智人透過處理動作和感官印象，且有能力將這些傳遞給我們物種中的其他人，從而在進化中取得了成功。解放雙手可以讓人類真正地“掌握”我們的環境，大量研究顯示，當我們接觸物體或在移動時，我們會學得更好，根據最近的研究，運動甚至有助於防止精神退化。
但是，當運動對我們的現代生活越來越不重要時，會發生什麼呢？其後果不僅僅是肥胖、背痛和不良姿勢等問題，科學研究和腦部掃描顯示，缺乏運動也會對精神產生嚴重影響。

An especially efficient brain and upright gait distinguishes humans from other animals. And many scientists are convinced that the ability to walk upright had a decisive influence on the development of the human brain.
Hunter-gatherers were always on the move. Homo sapiens achieved evolutionary success by processing movements and sensory impressions, as well as having the ability to pass these on to others in our species. Having our hands free allowed humans to "grasp" our environment in the truest sense of the word. Numerous studies show that we learn better when we touch objects or while on the move. According to recent research, movement even helps prevent mental deterioration.
But what happens when movement becomes less and less important to our modern lives? The consequences go beyond problems like obesity, back pain and poor posture. Scientific studies and brain scans show that a lack of movement also has serious mental implications.

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人性中的陰暗面是一個值得深入研究和了解的主題，人類行為的形成是一個極為複雜的過程，涉及基因、神經科學、心理學等多個層面，影片強調了時間、環境、個體發展和進化歷史對一個人的行為和情感的影響，這些觀察和研究對於深入理解暴力行為以及預防和處理暴力犯罪並促進社會安全具有重要意義。

有天生的罪犯嗎？犯罪是遺傳的嗎？是什麼讓一個人成為犯罪者？是基因嗎？還是社會印記？精神病患犯下極其可怕的罪行而不會感到遺憾或悔恨，腦部掃描顯示，這些人對許多刺激的反應與大多數其他人截然不同，殺人傾向似乎是遺傳的，然而，近年來的研究發現，許多人顯然有這種傾向，但從未轉變成暴力，這一發現令神經科學家大吃一驚，更重要的是，有明顯跡象指示，一個人實際產生暴力傾向往往隨年齡而下降。許多在年輕時犯下特別殘忍罪行的犯罪者，在40歲以後就產生了一種悔恨和遺憾的能力，這怎麼解釋呢？鑑於這些發現，是否能可靠地預測暴力罪犯會再次犯罪嗎？不僅科學界關注我們內心的陰暗面問題更是神經生物學家、精神病學家和法醫心理學家研究的課題。

Psychopaths can commit extremely gruesome crimes without feeling pity or remorse. Brain scans show that these people respond very differently to many stimuli than do most other test subjects. The predisposition to kill would seem to be hereditary. Research in recent years, however, has shown that many people apparently have such a predisposition but never turn violent. This finding came as a huge surprise for neuroscientists. What is more, there are clear signs that readiness to commit violence tends to decrease over the course of a person’s lifetime. Many perpetrators who committed particularly ruthless crimes in their younger years develop an ability to feel regret and empathy past the age of 40. How can this be explained? Given these findings, is it at all possible to predict reliably whether a violent criminal will reoffend or not? Neurobiologists, psychiatrists and forensic psychologists are puzzling over these questions.

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我們都知道五種感官的存在，聽覺、嗅覺、觸覺、視覺和味覺。然而，還有另一種隱藏在我們身體深處的第六感，它常常被忽視：本體感覺，這對我們來說是不可少的，在我們的運動中對於我們的平衡，及確保我們運動的協調性。第六感是如何組織的？它如何演變？有可能訓練它嗎？我們有某種預測能力嗎？這能有錯嗎？……我們將以科學的形式，去發現這個鮮為人知的第六感。
我們在熟悉和陌生的環境中移動，不會經常撞到東西，也不會摔倒或失去“上”和“下”的感覺。在我們熟悉的五種感官，特別是視覺的輔助下，這一壯舉基本上是通過一種稱為本體感覺的功能實現的，即我們在空間中對自己身體的感知。

這種無法分配特定器官的神秘“第六感”是如何運作的？大腦研究人員已經記錄了防止我們迷失在太空中所必需的過程。我們肌肉中的受體不斷向我們的大腦發送訊號，這使我們能夠不斷地即時更新我們在空間中的位置。但是如果這個訊號通路被關閉了呢？據瞭解，全世界只有五個人患有這種疾病，而且對他們的生活影響巨大。
並非所有圍繞著本體感覺現象的謎團都已被揭開，但神經科學在揭開它的秘密方面做得越來越好。他們的研究得到了宇航員在外太空旅行中獲得的見解的支持。這是因為生活在零重力條件下相當於生活在太空中沒有自己身體的感覺。事實證明，我們的本體感覺也可以訓練，法國特技飛行隊的成員就證明了這一點，他們在升空之前會在腦海中進行藝術表演，最後，當代舞者對身體的控制顯示了我們大腦的這種特殊功能是多麼驚人和存在。

We move in familiar and unfamiliar environments without constantly bumping into things, without falling over or losing our sense of "up" and "down”. With additional assistance from our familiar five senses, particularly vision, this feat is essentially achieved through a function called proprioception – our awareness of our own body in space.
How does this mysterious "sixth sense" work, to which no specific organ can be assigned? Brain researchers have documented the processes that are necessary to keep us from getting lost in space. Receptors in our muscles continuously send signals to our brain, which gives us a constant real-time update of our position in space. But what if this signaling pathway is turned off? This disorder is known to exist in only five people in the entire world – and the impact on their lives is dramatic.
Not all the mysteries surrounding the fascinating phenomenon of proprioception have been unraveled yet - but neuroscience is getting better at unlocking its secrets. Their research is supported by insights gained from astronauts in their travels to outer space. This is because living under zero-gravity conditions is comparable to living without a sense of one’s own body in space. It turns out that our sense of proprioception can also be trained, as is demonstrated by the members of a French aerobatic team, who run through their artistic maneuvers mentally before taking to the skies. And finally, the body control exerted by contemporary dancers shows how fascinating - and existential - this special function of our brain is.

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我們一生中有四分之一的時間在睡覺，大約六年的時間在做夢，當身體還在做夢時，大腦仍然活躍。正如科學家們發現的那樣，這開闢了新的可能性：在夢中，我們顯然可以進行體育訓練、作曲或為困難的日常情況做準備。

他們在做夢時會意識到一切。他們知道這是一個夢，他們可以用自己的意志來影響他們的夢。這些是清醒夢者的特殊能力。即使在今天，神經科學家、心理學家和睡眠專家仍然對夢境世界感到困惑。研究人員正在利用有清醒夢的人來解開這個謎。那麼，睡眠和清醒之間的界限在哪裡呢？是什麼讓夢成真？他們的超現實內容的源泉是什麼？他們能否提供緩解焦慮症或其他精神疾病的方法？是否有可能利用清醒夢來培養某些技能或通過頭腦中的考試來更好地掌握現實生活中的類似情況？
自1970年末，首次科學證明這種狀態的存在以來，研究人員通過與清醒夢者的合作，取得了許多令人驚訝的發現，清醒夢也可以透過學習獲得，這一事實現已成為常識，尤其是在年輕人中。

They’re aware of everything when they’re dreaming. They know it’s a dream, and they can use their will to influence what they dream.  Those are the special abilities of lucid dreamers. Neuroscientists, psychologists and sleep specialists are still mystified by the dream world, even today. Researchers are using people who have lucid dreams in an effort to solve its riddles.  So, where is the boundary between sleep and being awake? What makes dreams happen? What’s the wellspring of their often surreal content? Can they provide approaches for easing anxiety disorders or other mental illnesses? Is it possible to use lucid dreams to develop certain skills or run through exams in the mind in order to better master similar situations in real life?
Since the end of the 1970s, when the existence of this state was scientifically proven for the first time, researchers have made a number of surprising discoveries by working with lucid dreamers.  The fact that lucid dreaming can also be learned is now common knowledge, especially among younger people.

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